![]() Their proposal focuses both on adult second-language learning and child first-language learning and on the extent to which cultures may differ in how language evolves in vocal interaction. Recently, proposed the linguistic niche hypothesis, according to which language structure is shaped by the culture in which language is learned. However, theories and proposals aimed at elucidating the origin of language have paid scant attention to the role of human culture. These interactions reflect cultural “niche construction”–, yielding a human-specific environment for language learning, created by humans in each culture and passed on through generations. In the case of language, a special kind of environmental input is presented to very young infants through interactions with their caregivers. Modern biology makes clear that the evolution of any living system depends on the orchestration of various subsystems interacting at different levels and timescales, and relying heavily on environmental input. ![]() One central, persistent question in the quest for language origins is how infants across cultures of the world develop such diverse languages. While the language capacity itself may be inherited, languages-including how meanings emerge as well as how they are shared and understood-are passed on through cultures. Language is both a biological and a social phenomenon and a (perhaps the) hallmark of what makes us human. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. From these sheets all the calculations have been made that are included in the paper.įunding: This research was supported in part by grants R01 DC006099 and DC011027 to DKO from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders and by the Plough Foundation, which supports DKO’s Chair of Excellence at the University of Memphis ( ) ( ). However, we can supply the data sheets including durations obtained from both coders. To provide the raw recordings would violate the confidentiality requirements of the data collection. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The recordings cannot be made publicly available because the conditions of IRB approval for making the recordings do not include permission from the parents to make the recordings available publicly. Received: JAccepted: FebruPublished: March 16, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Farran et al. ![]() Bard, University of Portsmouth, UNITED KINGDOM Implications for future research on IDS and its role in elucidating how language evolves across cultures are explored.Ĭitation: Farran LK, Lee C-C, Yoo H, Oller DK (2016) Cross-Cultural Register Differences in Infant-Directed Speech: An Initial Study. Our results showed considerable usage of IDS/AR (>30% of utterances) and a tendency for Lebanese mothers to use more IDS than American mothers. We studied IDS across 19 American and 19 Lebanese mother-infant dyads, with particular focus on the differential use of registers within IDS as mothers interacted with their infants ages 0–24 months. This study examines and quantifies for the first time differences within IDS in the use of baby register (IDS/BR), an acoustically identifiable type of IDS that includes features such as high pitch, long duration, and smooth intonation (the register that is usually assumed to occur in IDS), and adult register (IDS/AR), the type of IDS that does not include such features and thus sounds as if it could have been addressed to an adult. The majority of studies, however, have conceptualized IDS monolithically, granting little attention to a potentially key distinction in how IDS manifests across cultures during the first two years. Importantly, both cross-cultural and intra-cultural research suggest there may be a positive relationship between the use of IDS and rates of language development, underscoring the need to investigate cultural differences more deeply. Differences have been reported in the use of IDS across cultures, suggesting different styles of infant language-learning. Infant-directed speech (IDS) provides an environment that appears to play a significant role in the origins of language in the human infant. ![]()
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